Basic English Institute
The invention of machines has given men the power to do much more than was possible in the times when everything had to be made by hand. In what times was it possible ? It was possible in the times when everything had to be made by hand. What has the invention of machines given men the power to do ? It has given men the power to do much more than was possible in the times. when everything have to be made by hand. With the help of machines we are producing not only more goods, but a much wider range of goods, than ever before. What are we producing ? We are producing goods. How are we producing goods. We are producing not only more goods, but a much wider range of goods, than ever before. What are we producing not only more goods, but a much wider range of goods, than ever before with ? With the help of machines we are producing not only more goods, but a much wider range of goods, than ever before. Every year we are making greater and better machines so that goods may be produced at a greater rate, . . . What are we making ? We are making greater and better machines. When are we making them. Every year we are making them. How may goods be produced ? They may be produced at a greater rate. Why may they be produced at a greater rate ? How are we making greater and better machines ? Every year we are making greater and better machines so that goods may be produced at a greater rate. . . . and the day may not be far away when everyone will have enough for his needs . . . How may the day not be ? It may not be far away. What will everyone have ? Everyone will have enough for his needs. What day may not be far away ? The day may not be far away when everyone will have enough for his needs . . . and all will be living in comfort. How will all be living ? All will be living in comfort. These are the facts which we have in mind when we say that machines are the servants of man. What facts are those ? Those are the facts which we have in mind. What are the machines ? They are the servants of man. What do we say ? We say that machines are the servants of man. When are those the facts which we have in mind ? Those are the facts which we mind when we say that machines are servants of man. But it is not surprising that to the workers it sometimes seems that they are the servants of the machines. What are they ? They are the servants of the machines. What does it seem ? It seems that they the servants of the machines. How does it seem that they the servants of the machines ? It sometimes seem that they the servants of the machines. To who does it sometimes seem that they the servants of the machines. To the workers it sometimes seem that they the servants of the machines. What is it not surprising ? It is not surprising that to the workers it sometimes seems that they are the servants of the machines. In the morning, when a steam whistle is sounded, long lines of men and women go into the works and take their places at the machines. What is sounded ? A steam whistle is sounded. Who go into the works ? Long lines of men and women go into the works. What do they take ? They take their places. Where do they take their places ? They take their places at the machines. When do long lines of men and women go into the works and take their places at the machines ? In the morning, when a steam whistle is sounded, they go into the works and take their places at the machines. At the door, every worker puts a card with his name on it into an automatic apparatus worked by a clock, which makes a record of the time at which he comes to work. What apparatus does he puts a card with his name on it into ? He puts a card with his name on it into an automatic apparatus worked by a clock. What time does a clock make a record of ? It makes a record of the time at which he comes to work. Where does he put a card with his name on it.? At the door he puts a card with his name on it. What clock does every worker put a card with his name on it into ? Every worker puts a card with his name on it into an automatic apparatus worked by a clock, which makes a record of the time at which he comes to work. At night, the time at which he goes is recorded in the same way. What time is recorded ? The time at which he goes is recorded. How is the time at which he goes recorded ? The time at which he goes is recorded in the same way. When is the time at which he goes recorded in the same way ? At night the time at which he goes is recorded in the same way. Out in the street there may be sunlight and green trees and the songs of birds, . . . What may there be ? There may be sunlight and green trees and the songs of birds. Where may there be sunlight and green trees and the songs of birds. ? Out in the street there may be sunlight and green trees and the songs of birds. . . . but inside the works all is motion and noise. What is motion and noise ? All is motion and noise. Where is all motion and noise ? Inside the works all is motion and noise. Here the workers see nothing but masses of metal which have been given strange forms by man---great structures of iron and steel, moving wheels and bands and rollers. What masses of metal do they see ? They see masses of metal which have been given strange forms by man. Where, what, and what masses of meal do they see ? Here the workers see nothing but masses of metal which have been given strange forms by man---great structures of iron and steel, moving wheels and bands and rollers. A great number of these men and women are probably working by electric light. Where are they working ? They are working by electric light. How are they working by electric light ? They are probably working by electric light. The air is overheated . . . What is overheated ? The air is overheated. . . . and there is a smell of oil. What is there ? There is a smell of oil. Day and night the machines have to be kept in motion. How do they have to be kept ? They have to be kept in motion. When do they have to be kept in motion ? Day and night they have to be kept in motion. In this building there is never any rest. What is there never ? There is never any rest. Where is there never any rest ? In this building there is never any rest. When one group of workers goes, another group takes its place, . . . Who goes ? One group of workers goes. Who takes its place ? Another group takes its place. When does another group take its place ? When one group of workers goes another group takes its place. . . . and the machines go on without a stop. What do they go on without ? They go on without a stop. To a newcomer, it might seem at first as if all these men and women were working without direction. Who was working without direction? All these men and women were working without direction. How might it seem ? It might seem as if all these men and women were working without direction. How might it seem as if all these men and women were working without direction ? It might seem at first as if all these men and women were working without direction. To who might it seem at first as if all these men and women were working without direction ? To a newcomer, it might seem at first as if all these men and women were working without direction. But after a little observation he would see that he was wrong. How was he? He was wrong. What would he see ? He would see that he was wrong. How would he see that he was wrong ? After a little observation he would see that he was wrong. Everywhere there are signs of the expert organization which is needed to keep up the output of goods and make a profit. What are there ? There are signs of the expert organization. Where are there signs of the expert organization. Everywhere there are signs of the expert organization What organization is needed to do ? It is needed to keep up the output of goods and make a profit. What expert organization are there everywhere signs of ? Everywhere there are signs of the expert organization which is needed to keep up the output of goods and make a profit. All the details have, in fact, been worked out with the greatest care by the controlling brains responsible for the smooth working of this great unit of industry. What have been worked out ? All the details have been worked out. How have they been worked out ? They have, in fact, been worked out with the greatest care. Who have they been, in fact, worked out with the greatest care by ? They have, in fact, been worked out with the greatest care by the controlling brains responsible for the smooth working of that great unit of industry. They have a knowledge of the motions necessary for every operation, . . . What do they have ? They have a knowledge of the motions necessary for every operation. . . . and they are able to say how long the different operations take, in what order it is best for them to be done, and so on. What are they able to say ? They are able to say how long different operations take. What are they able to say ? They are able to say in what order it is best for them to be done, and so on. Another thing which has to be fixed is the rate of work. What thing is the rate of work ? Another thing which is fixed is the rate of work. If the workers are not given enough rest or are made to be very quick, they get overtired and do less or poorer work at the end of the day. What are they not given ? They are not given enough rest. How quick are they made to be ? They are made to be very quick. How do they get ? They get overtired. What do they do ? They do less or poorer work. When do they do less or poorer work ? They do less or poorer work at the end of the day. In what condition do they do less or poorer work at the end of the day. If they are not given enough rest or are made to be very quick, they get overtired and do less or poorer work at the end of the day. That moving band, for example, which is taking groups of parts past a line of girls for them to put together, is moving at a fixed rate. How is it moving. It is moving at a fixed rate. What is it taking ? It is taking groups of parts Where is it taking them ? It is taking them past a line of girls. What is it taking them past a line of girls for them to do ? It is taking them past a line of girls for them to put together. What moving band is moving at a fixed rate. That moving band, for example, which is taking groups of parts past a line of girls for them to put together, is moving at a fixed rate. Every girl does only one small operation. Who does only one small operation ? Every girl does only one small operation. One girl puts a screw in, another puts on the nut, and so on. Who puts a screw in ? One girl puts a screw in. Who puts on the nut ? Another puts on the nut. Their motions, which long experience has made automatic, have a regular rhythm . . . What has made their motions automatic ? Long experience has made their motions automatic. What rhythm do their motions have ? They have a regular rhythm. What motions have a regular rhythm ? Their motions, which long experience has made automatic, have a regular rhythm. . . . and they are all working together in harmony. How are they working ? They are all working in harmony. There is enough time for their expert fingers to do what is needed . . . What is there ? There is enough time. What is there for their expert fingers to do ? There is enough time for their expert finger to do what s needed. . . . but no time for talking or looking round. What is there ? There is no time. What is there no time for doing ? There is no time for talking or looking round. If the band went more slowly the output would be poor. How slowly did the band go ? It went more slowly. How would the output ? It would be poor. In what condition would the output poor ? If the band went more slowly the output would be poor. If it went more quickly, the attempt to keep up with the machines would make the girls tired . . . How quickly did it go ? It went more quickly. How would the attempt make the girls ? It would make them tired. What does the attempt keep up with ? It keeps up with the machine. What attempt would make the girls tired ? The attempt to keep up with the machines would make the girls tired. In what condition would the attempt to keep up with the machines make the girls tired ? If it went more quickly, the attempt to keep up with the machines would make the girls tired . . . and they would have to be given a rest. What would they have to be given ? They would have to be given a rest. Automatic work, such as this, is very uninteresting, . . . How uninteresting is automatic work, such as this ? It is very uninteresting. . . . and so sometimes music is played to keep the girls bright. What is played ? Music is played. How is music played ? Sometimes music is played. How do they keep the girls ? They keep them bright. What is music sometimes played to do ? Sometimes music is played to keep the girls bright. The rhythm of the music is a help to their work. What is a help to their work. The rhythm of the music is a help to their work. All decisions are made by the manager and his group of experts, who give their orders to the workers. Who makes all decisions ? All decisions are made by the manager and his group of experts. Who give their orders ? The manager's group of experts give their orders. Who do they give their orders to ? They give their orders to the workers. What persons are all decisions are made by ? All decisions are made by the manager and his group of experts. But it is hard for a small group of men to keep in touch with every part of a great organization, . . . How is it ? It is hard. Who do they keep in touch with ? They keep in touch with every part of a great organization. What is it hard for a small group of men to do ? It is hard for a small group of men to keep in touch with every part of a great organization, . . . and so the experts are helped by a committee of workers' representatives. Who are they helped by ? They are helped by a committee of workers' representatives. Though this committee has no authority to make decisions, it takes part in discussions, and its suggestions about ways of increasing output or making conditions better are frequently of great value. What does that committee have ? It has no authority. What does it have no authority to do ? It has no authority to make decisions. What does it take part in ? It takes part in discussions. What do the ways increase ? They increase output. How do the ways make conditions ? They make conditions better. What are frequently of great value ? Its suggestions are frequently of great value. In what condition does it take part in discussion and are its suggestions about ways of increasing output or making conditions better of great value ? Though it has no authority to make decisions, it takes part in discussions, and its suggestions about ways of increasing output or making conditions better are frequently of great value. It is responsible for seeing that the interests of the workers are not overlooked, . . . What are not overlooked ? The interests of the workers are not overlooked. How is it ? It is responsible. What is it responsible for doing ? It is responsible for seeing that the interests of the workers are not overlooked. . . . and if changes are made---for example, in the scale of payments---which do not have their approval, it is its business to make a protest. How changes are made ? Changes are made, for example, in the scale of payments. What does the scale of payments not have ? It does not have their approval. What is it its business to do ? It is its business to make a protest. In what condition is it its business to make a protest ? It is its business to make a protest if changes are made---for example, in the scale of payments---which do not have their approval. Sometimes, when something is being done which is causing trouble, it is able to get the manager to put a stop to it. What is being done ? Something is being done. What is something causing ? It is causing trouble. What is it able to get the manager to do ? It is able to get the manager to put a stop to it. When is it able to get the manager to put a stop to it ? Sometimes, when something is being done which is causing trouble, it is able to get the manager to put a stop to it. There is a tendency for these committees to be given more power than they had when they were first formed, . . . What is there ? There is a tendency. What are those committees given ? They are given power. When were they formed ? They were first formed. What did they have. They had power. What are they given more power than ? They are given more power than they had when they were first formed. What tendency is there ? There is a tendency for those committees to be given more power than they had when they were first formed. . . . and some workers have the hope that, through their representatives, they and the owners may one day have equal control. What do they have ? They have the hope. What control may they and the owners have ? They may have equal control. When may they have equal control ? They may one day have equal control. What may they one day have equal control through ? Through their representatives they and the owners may one day have equal control. What hope do some workers have ? They have the hope that, through their representatives, they and the owners may one day have equal control. Some operations are done best by male workers and others by female workers. What are done best ? Some operations are done best. Who are some done best by ? They are done best by male workers. What are done best ? Operations are done best. Who are others done best by ? They are done best by female workers, Men take care of the machines and do the work for which it is necessary to have strong muscles. What do men take care of ? They take care of the machines. What work do they do ? They do the work for which it is necessary to have strong muscles. Women are not as good as men at lifting things of great weight, . . . How good are they not ? They are not as good as men. What are they not as good as men at doing ? They are not as good as men at lifting things of great weight. . . . or working in great heat, What are they not as good as men at doing ? They are not as good as men at working in great heat. . . . or doing operations for which a strong grip is needed or force has to be used in pushing and pulling. What are they not as good as men at doing ? They are not as good as men at doing operations for which a strong grip is needed or force has to be used in pushing and pulling. On the other hand, they are very expert at the more delicate work . . . How expert are they ? On the other hand, they are very expert. What are they very expert at ? On the other hand, they are very expert at the more delicate work. . . . and they frequently do it more quickly and make less errors than men. What do they do ? They do it. How do they do it ? They frequently do it more quickly. What errors do they make ? They make less errors. Who do they make less errors than ? They make less errors than men. In this place much important work is done by women. What is done by women ? Much important work is done by women. Where is it done by women ? In this place it is done by women. They make small parts which have to be measured with the greatest care. What parts do they make ? They make small parts. How do the parts have to be measured ? They have to be measured with the greatest care. What small parts do they make ? They make small parts which have to be measured with the greatest care. For this purpose they make use of a scale on which very small degrees are marked. What do they make use of ? They make use of a scale. What small degrees are marked on ? They are marked on a scale. What scale do they make use of ? They make use of a scale on which very small degrees are marked. For what do they make use of a scale on which very small degrees are marked.? For that purpose they make use of a scale on which very small degrees are marked. Every part has to be tested when it has been made, . . . What has to be tested ? Every part has to be tested. When does every part have to be tested ? Every part has to be tested when it has been made. . . . and if the size is wrong by an amount no thicker than a finger-nail it is of no use. How is the size ? It is wrong. By what amount is it wrong ? It is wrong by an amount no thicker than a finger-nail. How is it ? It is of no use. In what condition is it of no use ? If the size is wrong by an amount no thicker than a finger-nail it is of no use. Polishing processes are done by women, . . . What are done by women. Polishing processes are done by women. . . . and they put parts together to make apparatuses and do electric wiring. What do they put together ? They put parts together. What do they put parts together to do ? They put parts together to make apparatuses and do electric wiring. Girls are used for the less expert work of folding the printed directions which go with every apparatus . . . What are girls used for ? They are used for the less expert work. What directions are they used for the less expert work of folding ? They are used for the less expert work of folding the printed directions which go with every apparatus. . . . and putting the apparatuses into cardboard boxes. What are they used for the less expert work of doing ? They are used for the less expert work of putting the apparatuses into cardboard boxes. Most of the work the men do is hard physical work. What do the men do ? They do most of the work. What is most of the work ? It is hard physical work. What work is hard physical work ? Most of the work the mend do is hard physical work. You see them at the great machines where masses of iron are put through rollers till they are as flat and almost as thin as paper. Who do we see ? We see them. Where do we see them ? We see them at the great machines. What are masses of iron put through ? They are put through rollers. How flat are they ? They areas flat and almost as thin as paper. How far are masses of iron put through rollers ? They are put through rollers till they are as flat and almost as thin as paper. You see them working the controls of the machine cutters which go through metal as if it was cheese. What are they working ? They are working the controls of the machine cutters. What do the machine cutters go through ? They go through metal. How do they go through metal ? They go through metal as if it was cheese. What machine cutters do we see them working ? We see them working the controls of the machine cutters which go through metal as if it was cheese. Some of the metal is given a form by the operation of a stamp of great weight. What is it given ? It is given a form. What is it given a form by ? It is given a form by the operation of a stamp of great weight. Some of it is heated till it is liquid . . . What is heated. Some of it is heated. What is it ? It is liquid. How far is it heated ? It is heated till it is liquid. . . . and then put into vessels of the desired form to get cold and hard again. What is it put into ? It is put into vessels of the desired form. How is it put into vessels of the desired form to get ? It is put into vessels to get cold and hard again. Masses of metal have to be taken across from one machine to another for the different processes, . . . How do they have to be taken across ? They have to be taken across from one machine to another. What processes do they have to be taken across from one machine to another for ? They have to be taken across from one machine to another for the different processes. . . . and when the goods are ready they have to be taken down in lifts to the lowest floor of the building . . . How are the goods ? They are ready. How do they have to be taken down ? They have to be taken down in lifts to the lowest floor of the building. When do they have to be taken down in lifts to the lowest floor of the building ? When they are ready they have to be taken down in lifts to the lowest floor of the building. . . . and made into parcels or put into wood boxes. What do they have to be made into or put into ? They have to be made into parcels or put into boxes. All this work is done by men. Who is all that work done by ? It is done by men. And men are needed to take care of the fires for heating the great boilers, by which steam-power is produced in the engines to keep the machines in motion. What are men needed do ? They are needed to take care of the fires. What are they needed to take are of the fires for doing ? They are needed to take care of the fires for heating the great boilers. What is steam-power produced by ? It is produced by the great boilers. Where is it produced by the great boilers ? It is produced by the great boilers in the engines. What is it produced by the great boilers in the engines to do ? It is produced by the great boilers in the engine to keep the machines in motion. What boilers are they needed to take care of the fires for heating ? They are needed to take care of the fires for heating the great boilers, by which steam-power is produced in the engines to keep the machines in motion. The engines are the heart of the works, sending power, like blood, through every part of it. What are the engines ? They are the heart of the works. What are they sending ? They are sending power. How are they sending power through ? They are sending power, like blood, through every part of the works. How are the engines the heart of the works ? They are the heart of the works, sending power, like blood, through every part of it. Working with their shirts off in the orange light of the flames, the men go on, hour after hour, putting coal into the fires with their spades. What are they putting ? They are putting coal. What are they put coal into ? They are putting coal into the fires. What are they put coal into the fires with ? They are putting coal into the fires with their spades. How are they working ? They are working with their shirts off in the orange light of the flame. How do they go on putting coal into the fires with their spaces ? Working with their shirts off in the orange light of the flames, they go on, hour after hour, putting coal into the fires with their spades. Their faces and arms and chests become black with coal-dust. How do they become ? They become black. What do they become black with ? They become black with coal-dust. Other men are responsible for the care of the machines. How are they ? They are responsible. What are they responsible for ? They are responsible for the care of the machines. They go round all day oiling and cleaning them. What do they do ? They go round ? What are they doing ? They are oiling and cleaning them. How do they go round ? They go round all day oiling and cleaning them. If they did not keep them clean, the machines would quickly come to a stop. What did they not clean ? They did not clean them. What would the machines do ? They would come to a stop. How would they come to a stop ? They would quickly come to a stop. In what condition would machines quickly come to a stop ? If they did not keep them clean, the machines would quickly come to a stop. Even a grain of sand or dust, if it gets in the wrong place, may be a cause of trouble. What may be a cause of trouble ? Even a grain of sand or dust may be a cause of trouble. Where does a grain of sand or dust get ? It gets in the wrong place. In what condition may even a grain of sand or dust be a cause of trouble ? Even a grain of sand or dust may be a cause of trouble, if it gets in the wrong place.. Sometimes a part gets loose or out of position and an adjustment has to be made. How does a part get ? It gets loose or out of position. When does it get loose or out of position ? Sometimes it gets loose or out of position. What has to be made ? An adjustment has to be made. These men and the workers using the machines have to take care to keep their hands and their clothing away from the moving parts. What are those men and the workers using ? They are using the machines. What do they keep away ? They keep their hands and their clothing away. What do they keep them away from ? They keep them away from the moving parts. What persons have to take care to do ? Those men and the workers using the machines have to take care to keep their hands and their clothing away from the moving parts. Everything possible has been done to make the machines safe, What has been done ? Everything possible has been done. How do they make machines ? They make machines safe. What has everything possible been done to do ? Everything possible has been done to make the machines safe, and special structures have been put round them. What have been put round them. Special structures have been put round them. Rules for working them safely are pinned up on the walls. How are they working them ? They are working them safely. What rules are pinned up ? Rules for working them safely are pinned up. Where are they pinned up ? They are pinned up on the walls. But though the danger is made less in this way, it is not completely overcome, . . . What is made less ? The danger is made less. How is it made less. It is made less in that way. How is it not overcome ? It is not completely overcome. In spite of what condition is it not completely over come ? Though the danger is made less in this way, it is not completely overcome, . . .and if the workers do not have quick reactions, they may be pulled into a machine by their clothing, or their fingers may be given a crush by the rollers or cut off by one of the sharp blades. What reactions do the workers not have ? They do not have quick reactions. What may they be pulled into ? They may be pulled into a machine. What may they be pulled into a machine by ? They may be pulled into a machine by their clothing. What may their fingers be given ? They may be given a crush. What may they be given a crush by ? They may be given a crush by the rollers. What may they be cut off by ? They may be cut off by one of the sharp blades. In what condition may the workers be pulled into a machine by their clothing or may their fingers be given a crush by the rollers or cut off by one of the sharp blades ? If the workers do not have quick reactions, they may be pulled into a machine by their clothing or may their fingers be given a crush by the rollers or cut off by one of the sharp While goods are being produced by the workers at the machines, men and women with greater education and knowledge are working in a separate building on the invention of new and better processes. Who are goods being produced by ? They are being produced by the workers at the machines. What are men and women with greater education and knowledge doing ? They are working. Where are they working ? They are working in a separate building. What are they working on ? They are working on the invention of new and better processes. During what time are men and women with greater education and knowledge working in a separate building on the invention of new and better process ? While goods are being produced by the workers at the machines, they are working in a separate building on the invention of new and better process. In the rooms where they do their work, there are shelves full of bottles with long names printed on them, every one of which has some different chemical substance inside it. What do they do ? They do their work. Where do they do their work ? They do their work in the rooms. What are there ? There are shelves. In what rooms are there shelves ? In the rooms where they do their work, there are shelves. What does every one of the bottles have ? It has some different chemical substance inside it. What bottles are there shelves full of ? There are shelves full of bottles with long names printed on them, every one of which has some different chemical substance inside it. They have machines made on a small scale and a great amount of apparatus for testing. What do they have ? They have machines. How are the machines made ? They are made on a small scale. What machines do they have ? They have machines made on a small scale. What else do they have ? They have a great amount of apparatus for testing.. If anything is needed for their work they have only to make a request for it ;. . . What is needed. Anything is needed. What is anything needed for ? Anything is needed for their work. What do they have only to make a request for ? They have only to make a request for it. In what condition do they have only to make a request for it ? If anything is needed for their work they have only to make a request for it ; . . . and they get good payment, because the future of the industry is dependent on their inventions. What payment do they get ? They get good payment. What is the future of the industry dependent on ? It is dependent on their inventions. Why do they get good payment ? Because the future of the industry is dependent on their inventions.
Saburo Terada
Saitama Prefecture