"COMPLEX WORDS" (compounds) or Affixes ?
    Draft, 1

    Range of consideration.
    Complex Words, or compounds, are of three types: open, hyphenated, and closed.
    • Open compounds, words with spaces between them are more usually considered idioms.
    • Hyphenated words are often in migration from idioms into one word compounds.
    • Closed compounds are the only ones needing to be addressed here and consist of two or more basic words in their clear Basic sense used as one word.

    Affixes -- prefix and suffixes are clearly defined in Basic, but some words are so popular as compounds that they are frequently treated as affixes, though really complex words.
    Meanings are consistent with Basic meanings.
    When there are multiple meanings as where Ogden says "As in English".

    Complex Word (compounds) Discussions
    Popular in Complex Words
      Often as leading word : after , any , back , birth , black , every , fire , foot , hand , head , horse , house , key , in , inner , land , left , man , out , outer , over , right , self , short , side , some , sun , under , up , well , where , wide , work ,
      Detailed examples
    • Out
    • Over
      Mostly as trailing word : able, full (-ful) , man (woman , person )
      The normal Basic affixes might be included.
    Affix Discussion : Prefix and Suffix
      These affixes are recommended by various respected authorities.
    • in-   (complex words, not as a prefix.)
    • non-   (teach later)
       
    • -able   (Complex words, approaching a suffix.)
    • -en   (irregular, not general purpose.)
    • -full   (-ful)   (Complex words.)
    • -ness   ( Some say Yes, we follow Ogden with No.)
    • -less   ( Absolutely not, means "none", not "lesser".)
    • -like   ( Complex words, approaching a suffix.)
    • -teen   (Already there.)
    • -y   (Neither a word or a suffix.)
    Short Discussion Items
    Basic prefix and suffixes are clearly defined. Never-the-less, there is a demand for more suffixes made by those who want to expand Basic to improve the acceptance of Basic by making it more than the complete, yet simple-to-learn language of Ogden.

    in- == IN has all the uses of standard English.   With so many uses it is a common word forming many complex words. As a prefix in- means "in, inside, within, on, toward, and sometimes is an intensifier. We do not consider this a general purpose prefix, but is valid as part of a complex word with the clear sense of in, inside, within.. The in- prefix changes to il- before "l" ; im- before "b, m, or p" ; and ir- before "r". -- this is too complex for either basic Basic or intermediate Basic.
    non- == "."   NON- is a prefix with subtle difference from UN- of which Basic makes no distinction. However, to the native ear, certain words make this distinction and is sufficient for the "The Basic Dictionary of Science" to make one of its two extensions made to Basic. Therefore we can agree that the prefix non- be taught with the 100 science words. This subtle differences, both meaning NOT, might be taught in advanced Basic. NON is less strong ; may mean excluded from ; with a hyphen is commonly used before capitalized words . UN often means lack of, reversal of. The teacher of advanced Basic might acknowledge that NON is another prefix meaning NOT commonly used with certain words with going into the fine points.

    -able == "."   ABLE is a Basic word meaning "capable, intelligent" with a special use sense of "to make". Note the common in words with the prefix un- and the adverb form of -ably. It is a usable as a complex word with these senses. Its use is so common as to almost be considered a suffix.
    -en -   "to become or cause to be" when applied to adjectives ; "to come to have, cause to have" when added to nouns ; forming adjectives "made of" from concrete nouns ; forming the past participle of certain verbs ; forming plural of certain nouns ; forming feminine of certain nouns.   This is an irregular ending that should be taken word by word, not as a suffix : "be, been", "take, taken" , "give, given" , "see, seen" . But not "black, blacken" , "wood, wooden".
    -full (-ful) == "."   FULL is a Basic word meaning "complete" and is valuable in complex usage with this sense. Note its shortened form of -ful and use as an adverb with the -ly suffix as with -fully.
    -less == "without, not having."   A different meaning that "less", a comparative of "little" meaning "smaller in size; younger". The dangerous similarity warrant this being specifically taught as advanced Basic to call attention to the differences.
    -like == "as in English."   The sense of "characteristic of, suitable for, in the manner of" readily forms complex word adjectives and adverbs, sometimes with a hyphen. (Always use a hyphen to avoid three "l"s in a row.). Its use is so common as to almost be considered a suffix. Frequently used with un-.
    -ness == "condition or quality of being what is named." This is not a Basic suffix. It is recommended by Richards and Hogden and is thus a candidate for teaching with advanced Basic.
    -teen == "of the numbers 13 thru 19. Ogden lists the international words for numbers to include thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen . . .". Therefore these eight number-words are already Basic words. Should other applications for a -teen suffix rise, then it is able to be used by extension. Teen, short for teenager is not a Basic word, but the extension is natural when teaching advanced Basic for that age group.
    -y == "having the property of"   By some stretch, the letter 'Y' can be considered as of Basic English and consideration for use as a complex word-ending. But having no defined sense, we will disagree for basic Basic and intermediate Basic and consider this as a suffix candidate for advanced English at the option of the instructor.
    Long Discussion Items
  • OUT
    OUT as a Basic word for (a) opposite of in; (b) to a distance, away, (c) made public, no longer secret, (d) openly, loudly; (e) on the market (f) open, flowering, (g) on strike, (h) no longer current, (i) (light) no longer on, (j) in error, wrong; (k) completed.
    OUT- as a prefix means "located away" (outbuilding) or "going away" (outbound) or to make any part of speech into a verb meaning "better/greater than" (outrun). Makes adjective from verb (outgoing). Makes verb into noun meaning suddenly (outburst).
    Logic of analysis   Are these two subjects identical ? No ! "Better or greater than" is the most common use as a prefix and is not a meaning of OUT the word. So first mark all of these as "prefix" and then review the shorter list. Where the meaning is clearly a distant thing or opposite of IN, mark as Yes. This leaves a short list. 
    outback		Yes.  Back portion of outside.
outbuilding	Yes, distant building
outburst		- prefix	Ogden disagrees, says yes.!
outcome		Yes, specialized meaning of coming out.  Ogden agrees, yes!
outcry		Yes, loudly crying out.   Ogden agrees.
outdated		- prefix
outdistance	- prefix
outdo 		- prefix
outdoor(s)	Yes, although could be confused with an exterior door, the meaning as not indoor, seems clear, also see outdoorsman.  Ogden agrees!
outdoorsman(women)	Yes,  usage would be unambiguous, not a doorman
outerware	Yes, outside goods (clothing)	
outgo		- No, too specialized meaning of spending
outgoing		- No, would mean going out, rather than friendly.  Ogden disagrees, says yes. 	What about leaving office?
outgrow		- prefix		Ogden agrees, no.
outgun		- prefix
outhouse 		Yes,  as a synonym of outbuilding, not as specialized meaning of a privy. Ogden says
outland(s)	Yes, distant lands
outlander		Yes, one from distant lands.
outlast		-prefix
outlaw		Yes, outside of the law	Ogden agrees.
outlet		Yes, a thing to let go out from. Ogden agrees.
outline		- No, would mean outside the lines, not the line itself.
	Verb meaning to make a line along the outside of a body is too much of a stretch.
	But Ogden says yes.
outlive		- prefix
outlook		Yes, as a place to look out over earth, but not as forecast. Ogden agrees.
outman		- prefix
outmost		Yes, most distant ; also a prefix
outermost	Yes, ditto
outmuscle	- prefix
outnumber	- prefix	Ogden agrees.
outplay		- prefix
outpoint		- prefix meaning scores
outpost		- No, unrelated to mail
outpouring	Yes, opposite of inpouring.
output		Yes, meaning amount of work put out. Ogden agrees. 
		As a word meaning computer printout used in English, German and Italian. Check other languages.)
outrange		- prefix	
outright		- No, unrelated to direction from left or moral correctness.  Ogden agrees.		
outrun (d)	- prefix
outset		-No, unrelated to beginning.  Humm, to set out on a task.  Ogden says no.
outside		Yes, the side opposite for in.	Ogden agrees.
outsider	 	? one who is not inside, meaning as of a group is a slight stretch from
		as of a thing.	
outsize		- prefix
outskirt		- No, unrelated to locations. Ogden disagrees, say yes, based on skirting.
outskirting	Yes, redundant of going round the outside.
outstation	Yes, out meaning distant station.
outstretch	- prefix	Ogden disagrees, says, Yes.
outtake		- No, unrelated to media
outtalk                    - prefix, dominate with speech
outwork(d)	- prefix
    Discussion ?

    There are 49 examples. Ogden expresses his decision, in the Basic Dictionary, on 18 of them. We agree on 13 instances and disagree on five. 72% agreement.
    • Nine we agree are compounds of Basic words as forming new words.
    • Four we see as prefixes, he agrees are not Basic compounds,
    • But there are five that we feel are prefixes that he considers okay to use as Basic.

    Therefore, are we able to go forward with some confidence that our picks for compounds are correct?
    But, we are equally split on prefixes !
    The disagreements should be most obviously instructive.
    • OutBurst : burst=explode, outburst=sudden explosion. Seems like a prefix. We think Ogden is wrong. Perhaps it is a redundant intensifier.
    • OutGoing : going=journey away, outgoing= friendly. Ogden could be thinking of going outside oneself. A stretch, but acceptable. We can accept his judgment.
    • OutLine : line=a one dimensional or mark, outline=mark the outside of something. This is at least two dimensions, therefore is a stretch, but we can accept his judgment.
    • OutSkirt : skirt=clothing. However skirting is both a thing from which skirts are made, but also going round the outside. Backing off from the -ing of this definition, makes "to skirt" mean "go round the outside". A bit circular in logic, because skirting for a table is just a clothing for an object instead of a woman. Barely acceptable.
    • OutStretch : stretch=tract of land or an extension (pull elastically). Outstretched=extended. Thus is a bit redundant as outwardly stretched (rather than compressed?) We still see a prefix, outbound stretching or greater stretching, but will not fight too hard against its acceptance.
        The stretch of going outside oneself to be friendly, the degree of stretch of putting a skirt on a table to mean journeying round a location, and the stretch of stretching out when there is no such thing as stretching in, all suggest that a case can possibly be made for all uses of "OUT".
    Lets look at the four instances where Ogden agrees that the prefix is not able to be used.
    • OutGrow : grow=increase . Outgrow=grow out of, going away from. Argumentively, outgrow could mean increasingly away from. This is a stretch no greater than some above.
    • OutNumber : number=many . OutNumber=number greater than. It could be stretched to a number outside that of something else. ditto.
    • OutRight : right=opposite of left or correct. Outright=completely, straight out. Overly correct is definitely a prefix.
    • OutSet : set=a group or to put. Outset=beginning. Could be defined as put at a distance, an excessive stretch in our judgment.
    In each of these four examples we agree that trying to make a compound, rather than a prefix is a great stretch.
    Yet our concerns remain that Ogden allows several examples of prefixes being treated as compounds.
    The only conclusions that we see is that Ogden is fallible or that we should tend to be more lenient is allowing OUT to be used as a compound.

    Tentative actions.
    1. Go with our compound word decisions about the Basic vocabulary.
    2. To follow Ogden's decisions to allow specific prefixes per the dictionary.
    3. To not allow the other words that we consider prefixes, even thou Ogden may have allowed some of them.

    Prefix or complex word forms ?
      inner , lower , outer , upper -- we think these are complex forms
      over- , self- , -- we think the are prefix.

    Send further discussion to Institute.